What is gymnastics definition. What is gymnastics? Gymnastics in the USSR

“The gods gave people two types
arts - music and gymnastics"
Plato

Gymnastics... This word breathes with hoary antiquity and eternal youth. Having emerged as a system of physical education in ancient Hellas, gymnastics perished under the ruins of the Roman Empire in order, like the fabulous Phoenix bird, to be reborn again in the Renaissance, to form the basis of numerous systems of physical education in modern times, and now to serve the noble goal of educating physically strong and spiritually rich person.

Gymnastics... With this word we see images of ancient athletes, sculpted by the skillful chisels of ancient sculptors, brave mustaches standing in deliberate poses near gymnastic equipment, cheerful boys and girls running cheerfully into a clearing warmed by the rays of the morning sun “to exercise,” their fathers and mothers performing a complex of industrial gymnastics with enviable zeal. And how colorful and impressive are the gymnastic exercises when hundreds of boys and girls take to the green field of the stadium during various sports festivals! But the most, the most... of course, is the competition, when slender, well-built athletes perform breathtaking moves on the floor or on gymnastic apparatus, demonstrating amazing agility and courage, remarkable strength, true elegance and grace.

Gymnastics has many faces. Nowadays there is no such system of physical education, no such sport, where exercises from its inexhaustible arsenal would not be used. Gymnastics contains hundreds of thousands of different developmental and applied exercises without equipment for the muscles of the arms, legs, torso, with various gymnastic equipment - a jump rope, a gymnastic stick, dumbbells, a medicine ball - and on equipment - a gymnastic (Swedish) wall, an inclined and horizontal ladder, rope, pole, uneven bars, rings, pommel horse, balance beam, crossbar, as well as walking, running, jumping over the bar, support through a goat and horse, overcoming obstacles, outdoor games and various relay races.

In sports, gymnastics is presented in three types: sports gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics and acrobatics.

Artistic gymnastics is one of the main sports. Includes educational training work and competitions in performing floor exercises, vaults and exercises on apparatus - pommel horse, rings, uneven bars and horizontal bar - for men, on uneven bars and beam - for women.

Champions

Genus. 05/13/1919, Andijan (Uzbek SSR). Died 02/15/1995, Moscow. Honored Master of Sports. "Dynamo", Moscow. USSR champion in floor exercise (1949, 1950), silver medalist in floor exercise (1948), bronze medalist in floor exercise (1947).

Genus. 06/21/1964, Yaroslavl. Master of Sports of international class. World champion in the team championship (1978), bronze medalist of the World Cup in beam exercises (1978), silver medalist of the USSR Championship in beam exercises (1980), bronze medalist of the USSR Cup in all-around (1979).

Genus. 02/11/1929, Kirovobad (Azerbaijan SSR) Honored Master of Sports. "Spartak", Yerevan (Armenia). The strongest gymnast of the 50s. Olympic champion in the team championship (1956), in the rings exercises (1956, 1960), silver medalist in the team championship (1960), world champion in the team championship (1954, 1958), in the rings exercises (1954, 1958), silver medalist in the horizontal bar (1958), European champion in the rings (1955), uneven bars (1955), silver medalist in the all-around (1955), in the horizontal bar (1955), USSR champion in the rings (1952, 1953, 1955, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1962), in exercises on the horizontal bar (1960), silver medalist of the USSR Cup in all-around (1955), in…

Genus. 9.11.1958, Yerevan (Armenia). Honored Master of Sports. Armed Forces, Yerevan (Armenia). Olympic champion in the team championship (1980), silver medalist of the World Championship in the team championship (1978), winner of the World Cup in the parallel bars (1978), bronze medalist in the all-around (1978), in the rings exercise (1980), absolute champion USSR (1979). USSR champion in floor exercise (1979) and vault (1980), silver medalist in all-around (1978), USSR Cup in all-around (1980), USSR Championship in ring exercises (1979), bronze medalist in pommel horse (1979) ).

Genus. 09/28/1961, Yerevan (Armenia). Honored Master of Sports. "Labor Reserves", Yerevan (Armenia). World champion in the team championship (1979, 1981), in the vault (1983), silver medalist in the team championship (1983), in the vault (1981), in the horizontal bar (1981), bronze medalist in the all-around (1983). USSR champion in vaulting (1981, 1983), silver medalist of the USSR Cup in all-around (1983).

Genus. 09/07/1979, Syzran. Master of Sports of international class. "Armed Forces", Syzran. Silver medalist of the European Championship in the team championship (1998). Champion of Russia in the pommel horse (1998), horizontal bar (1999), silver medalist in the all-around (1999), parallel bars (1998), bronze medalist of the Russian Cup in the all-around (1998), Russian champion in the horizontal bar (1999), rings (1999).

10/14/1952 - 03/21/2011 Vladimir. Honored Master of Sports. "Petrel", Vladimir. Outstanding gymnast of the 70s. Winner of all the highest gymnastics titles. Absolute champion of the XXI Olympic Games (1976). Olympic champion in floor exercise (1972, 1976), ring exercise (1976), vault (1976, 1980), team championship (1980), silver medalist in team championship (1972, 1976), all-around (1980) ), in floor exercises (1980), in uneven bars exercises (1976), bronze medalist in pommel horse exercises (1976), in vault (1972), in high bar exercises (1980). A kind of record holder for the number of Olympic medals among all participants in the Olympic Games - men - 15 (7+5+3). Absolute world champion...

Genus. 03/04/1917, Kostroma. Master of Sport. "Wings of the Soviets", Moscow. USSR champion in floor exercise (1939, 1945), in horizontal bar exercise (1947), silver medalist in vault (1943), in beam exercise (1947), uneven bars (1946), floor exercise (1943, 1946, 1947) , bronze medalist in all-around (1950), vault (1945), floor exercise (1944, 1948).

Genus. 1964, Vitebsk (Belarus). Master of Sports of international class. "Dynamo", Vitebsk, Belarus. World champion in team championship (1978). Silver medalist of the USSR championship in all-around (1978, 1979), bronze medalist in beam exercises (1978, 1981).

Genus. 12/07/1964, Vladimir. Honored Master of Sports. "Petrel", Vladimir. Outstanding gymnast of the 80s. Absolute Olympic champion (1988). Olympic champion in team competition (1988), uneven bars (1988), horizontal bar (1988), silver medalist in floor exercise (1988). World champion in the team championship (1985, 1987, 1989), in the uneven bars (1983, 1987, 1989), silver medalist in the all-around (1985), in the team championship (1983), in the floor exercise (1987, 1989), in exercises on the horizontal bar (1989), bronze medalist in the all-around (1987), in vault (1989). Absolute champion of the USSR (1984). Winner of the USSR Cup in all-around (1986). USSR champion in pommel horse (1986), uneven bars (1986, 1987,…

Genus. 10/30/1936, Dnepropetrovsk (Ukraine). She died on August 5, 2005. Honored Master of Sports. "Shakhtar", Donetsk, Ukraine Outstanding gymnast of the 50-60s. Olympic champion in the team championship (1956, 1960, 1964), in the uneven bars exercise (1960, 1964), silver medalist in floor exercise (1960, 1964), bronze medalist in the all-around (1960, 1964), in group floor exercise ( 1956). World champion in the team championship (1956, 1962), silver medalist in the team championship (1966), in the uneven bars (1958). European champion in floor exercise (1959), uneven bars (1959, 1961), balance beam (1961), silver medalist in all-around (1961), floor exercise (1961). Absolute champion of the USSR (1959). Winner of the USSR Cup in all-around (1959, 1960,…

09/13/1991 ZMS Competed for the team of the State Budgetary Institution MO "TsOVS", CSKA, MBUDO SDUSSHOR "artistic gymnastics" of the city of Khimki, Moscow region, Central Federal District also: Tula, Tula region coaches: Semenova K.A. Results: 2006 Russian Cup 5-Bars, 5-Beam Russian All-Around Championship 16-Personal All-Around European Championship Volos, Greece 1-Team All-Around 2007 Russian Cup in All-Around + Russian Championship in individual events 25-Personal All-Around, 4-Beam Russian Championship in all-around + Russian Cup in individual all-around events 5-Individual all-around, 1-Beam, 1-Team all-around 2008 Olympic Games Beijing (China) 4-Team all-around, 7-Beam Russian Cup 1-Individual all-around, 2-Vault, 4 -Bars, 6-Beam, 4-Floor exercises Russian All-Around Championship + Cup…

Archive of results

Gymnastics

Artistic gymnastics terminology

As in other fields of activity, gymnastics has its own terminology. Gymnastics terminology is mostly relative. However, some terms require clarification.

Grip is a way of holding a sports equipment while performing an exercise.
Hanging is a body position in which the line of the shoulder girdle passes below the grip point.
Support is a body position in which the shoulders are located above the support points.
Forward swing is a pendulum-like movement of the body from one extreme point to the other towards the face.
Back swing - the same, but towards the back.
Lifting - moving the body from a hang to an emphasis or from a lower emphasis to a higher one. It can be performed with force, a forward or backward swing, a force flip, a forward or backward swing - an extension, an arc.
Flip is a rotational movement of the body with a complete inversion over the head forward or backward without intermediate support or with support from the hands.
A revolution is a circular movement of the body around the axis of a gymnastic apparatus or grip points, starting at emphasis and ending either at emphasis, or hanging or in a handstand when performed without touching the apparatus.
A large rotation is a circular movement of the body around the axis of a gymnastic apparatus or grip points, starting and ending in a handstand or with a maximum removal of the body’s center of gravity.
Overswing is a swinging movement of one or two legs over a gymnastic apparatus in support, without releasing the hands or releasing one or both hands.
Circle - a circular movement of the legs over the projectile or part of it, consisting of two successive swings without touching the projectile and returning to the starting position.
Flying is a movement from a hang or support on one side of the apparatus to a hang or support on the other side of the apparatus with the release of both hands, or the same movement from one pole to another on women's uneven bars.
Approach - performing actions at the end of a forward or backward swing with releasing the hands (turns, somersaults) and returning to the projectile in a hanging position or emphasis.
Grouping is the position of the body in which it is maximally bent at the hip and knee joints.
Bent over is a position of the body in which it is maximally bent at the hip joints.
Bent - a position in which the body remains straight or slightly arched.
Somersault is a rotational movement of the body (jumping on the floor) with a complete inversion over the head without intermediate support on the hands.
Flick-flyak (flyak) is a jump up and back with two phases of flight: bending in the first part before resting on the hands and bending in the second part after pushing with the hands.
Pirouette - a backflip bending over with a 360 degree turn.
Angle - a hanging or support position when straight legs are positioned at right angles to the body.
Cross - a position on the rings in which support is provided by arms spread to the sides.
Split is a sitting position with legs spread as far apart as possible, supporting their entire surface.
An element is a component of an exercise (combination). A separate complete movement or action of a certain structure, having a beginning, a basis and an end.
A compound is a combination of two or more elements performed together. in this case, the execution of one element usually makes it difficult (complicates) the execution of another.
Exercises (combinations) are combinations of individual elements and connections in a single holistic and compositionally defined order. They have a beginning, a base and an ending (dismount) of a certain difficulty.

In recent years, many elements have appeared that are not described according to the rules of gymnastic terminology, but for brevity are called by the names of their first performers at major competitions. There are more than fifty such elements in all six types of men's hexathlon and four types of women's hexathlon. Here are the most common: “Azaryan”, “Delchev”, “Diomidov”, “Haley”, “Honma”, “Yurchenko”, “Kenmotsu”, “Kovach”, “Lyukin”, “Magyar”, “Shishova”, “Stalder” ", "Tkachev", "Tsukakara", ...

Exercises on types

Floor exercise Gymnasts perform on a special shock-absorbing flooring covered with a woolen or synthetic carpet. They contain combinations of various movements, dance elements, circles with arms and legs, swings, static positions, somersaults and inversions, combined into a complete combination that meets certain requirements. Duration of floor exercises for men is 50-70 seconds, for women 70-90 seconds. Women perform exercises to music (phonogram without singing).

Vault are performed with a running start through a special device, the height of which for women is 120 cm, for men - 135 cm. The length of the special runway is 25 m. The push is carried out on a special shock-absorbing bridge 20 cm high with two legs, and on a horse - with two, and for men , with one hand. Jumps can be straight (the push and landing are carried out in the same direction), inverted, contain turns and somersaults before and after the push with the arms, as well as rondants (jumping onto the bridge using a rondat).

Exercises on horseback contain various swings and circles with one or two legs, movements in support across or longitudinally with support on the horse, on one hand and horse, on one or both handles, performed only with a swing and together.

Ring exercises contain various lifts, rotations, twists performed with a swing and force, static positions - handstands, horizontal hangs and supports, crosses.

Parallel bars exercises contain various lifts, turns, transitions, jumps, circles with one and two legs, somersaults over and under poles, large rotations, as well as, to a limited extent, static positions - handstands, horizontal stops.

Exercises on the horizontal bar contain various lifts, revolutions, high revolutions, turns, swings, approaches and flights, performed only in a swing.

Exercises on uneven bars contain various lifts, revolutions, high revolutions, approaches, flights over the top pole and from one pole to another, performed only in a swing.

Balance Beam Exercises contain various movements, jumps, turns, flips, somersaults, dance elements, as well as, to a limited extent, static positions and poses.

Exercises on all types must end with a spectacular dismount corresponding to the difficulty of the entire exercise.

Procedure for holding competitions in artistic gymnastics

At competitions, gymnasts and female gymnasts perform only voluntary exercises (until 1960, they competed in both compulsory exercises, now abolished, compiled by the men's and women's committees of the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG) for all participants, and free exercises, compiled by each participant for himself).

During the largest competitions - the Olympic Games, world and continental championships - lasting several days, four competitions take place:
No. 1 (CI) - preliminary (qualifying) competitions in all-around (exercises are performed in all types) for all participants. Based on their results, participants in subsequent competitions are determined.
No. 2 (CII) - final all-around competition. 12-36 gymnasts and gymnasts participate in them, but no more than 3 from the country who showed the best results in the all-around in the preliminary competitions. Based on their results, absolute champions (all-around champions) are determined.
No. 3 (CIII) - final competitions in individual events. 8 athletes participate in them, but no more than two from the country, who showed the best results on each apparatus. Based on their results, champions in each event are determined.
No. 4 (CIV) - final competition of the team all-around championship. They involve 6-8 teams that showed the best results in the preliminary competitions. Based on their results, the winners of the team championship are determined, and the places of other teams (from 7th onwards) are determined based on the results of competition No. 1.

In smaller-scale competitions, you can limit yourself to holding only competition No. 1, based on the results of which you can determine the results of all types of championships. This is stipulated by the regulations of specific competitions.

To participate in the competition, six men's and four women's teams take to the platform at the same time - one for each all-around event. Participants are given time to warm up for 30-40 seconds. for each, after which, with a gong, the participants are called to perform the exercises. After the end of the competition in the event, a transition to the next event is made. The order of events for men is floor exercise, pommel horse, rings, vault, parallel bars, horizontal bar, and for women it is vault, uneven bars, beam, floor exercise. If there are 8 participants in a team, then time for warming up is given first to the first four, and after they compete - to the second.

Evaluation of gymnasts' performance

Evaluating the performance of gymnasts at competitions (judging) is more complex than many other sports. No wonder they say: “To judge gymnastics, you need to know, understand and feel it.” As a rule, this can be done by a judge who himself has extensive experience in sports performances, coaching and refereeing itself.

In gymnastics, the content of the exercise - difficulty and composition (construction) - and its execution are assessed using a 10-point system. To assess the difficulty, all known, most frequently performed elements and their combinations are divided into groups A, B, C, D and E in a special table of the “Competition Rules” (developed by the men’s and women’s technical committees of the International Gymnastics Federation) (E are the most difficult) . The “difficulty formula” - the number of elements of each difficulty in an exercise - should be: for men - 1D + 2C + 2B + 4A, and for women - 1D + 2C + 2B + 1A. If the “Formula” is followed, men’s exercises are rated at 8.6, and women’s at 9.0 points. For the absence of an element of group D in an exercise, the score is reduced for men by 0.6, and for women by 0.8 points, group C - by 0.4 and 0.6, respectively, group B - by 0.2 and 0, 4, group A - by 0.4 and 0.2 points.

The assessment of the difficulty of the exercise for both men and women can be increased to 10 points if the exercise, in addition to the “Formula,” contains elements of group D, E, and for men also super E. In this case, 0.1 is added for each element of group D , group E - 0.2 and group super E - 0.3 points. However, the difficulty score (initial score) cannot exceed 10 points.

For each composition error (lack of specific requirements for a given type of exercise), the score is reduced by 0.1-0.2 points.

For each execution error (deviation from technique, poor posture), the score is reduced by 0.1 points for a minor (insignificant), by 0.2 for an average (significant) and by 0.4 for a gross error, and for a fall from the apparatus - by 0.5 points.

Two teams of judges evaluate the performances of gymnasts in all events except jumps. Team A, consisting of two judges, evaluates the difficulty and composition, determining by agreement the initial score; Team B, which can have 2-6 judges, determines the quality of execution. Each judge of brigade B independently determines the number of errors and their degree and determines deductions for them. Since the opinion of the judges of panel B is subjective and can be (and usually is) different, to determine the final amount of penalties for execution, the smallest and largest penalties, if there are more than two judges, are discarded, and from the remaining ones the arithmetic average penalty is determined, subtracting it from the initial assessment of difficulty , and get the final one. Thus, the subjective assessment of each judge is objectified in the assessment of the panel.

Vault vaults are judged by one panel, which evaluates only the quality of execution, since the difficulty of each jump is determined by the table of the Competition Rules.

Story

Rise and decline

Gymnastics (from the Greek “gymnazo” - I teach, train) is a system of bodily (physical) exercises that developed in Ancient Greece many centuries BC - served the purposes of general comprehensive physical development and improvement. However, there is another, less convincing, version of the origin of this word from the Greek “gymnos” - naked, since the ancients engaged in bodily exercises naked.

The gymnastics of the ancients, in addition to general developmental and military exercises, exercises in horse riding, swimming, imitation and ritual dances, also contained exercises for which public competitions were held - running, jumping, throwing, wrestling, fist fighting, chariot riding, which were included in the programs of the Olympic Games of antiquity , held since 776 BC. to 392 AD for 1168 years.

After the fall of the Roman Empire, in the Middle Ages, when obscurantism and scholasticism reigned, asceticism, the achievements of ancient culture and art, including gymnastics, were forgotten.

With approval at the turn of the XIV-XV centuries. humanism - a direction of social thought characterized by the protection of the dignity and freedom of the individual, its comprehensive, including physical, development by the struggle for the humanity of social relations - begins an appeal to the cultural heritage of antiquity. Physical education—gymnastics—is gradually being introduced into the education system. A significant role in its revival was played by the essay of the Italian physician Hieronymus Mercurialis (1530-1606) “On the Art of Gymnastics”, views on the education of the French writer, author of the novel “Gargantua and Pantagruel” Francois Rabelais (1494-1553), and the Swiss teacher Pestalozzi (1746-1827). ), French philosopher-educator Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778), Czech teacher Jan Amos Kamensky (1592-1670).

The rebirth of gymnastics

At the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries. In Germany, a movement of philanthropists developed in pedagogy under the influence of the ideas of humanists. In the philanthropic schools they created, an important place was occupied by the system of physical education - gymnastics, which was developed and taught by G. Fit (1763-1836), I. Guts-Muts (1759-1839). The creation of the system of German gymnastics was completed by F. L. Jahn (1778-1852), who developed a gymnastic system called “turnen”, which enriched German gymnastics with exercises on the crossbar (horizontal bar), rings, uneven bars and pommel horse.

Original gymnastics systems were created: in France by F. Amoros (1770-1847), in Sweden (Swedish) by P.-G. Ling (1776-1839), and in the Czech Republic (Sokol) - Miroslav Tyrs (1832-1884).

It is not easy to establish when gymnastics, a system of physical education, became a sport. It is known that in 1817, 80 students of F. Amoros held public competitions in Paris, that in Greece, in Athens, starting from 1859, attempts were made more than once to revive the ancient Olympic Games, and competitions were held in many types of physical exercises and gymnastics . It can be assumed that F. Yan’s students tried to measure their strength, compete in performing exercises, and M. Tyrsh’s students - “falcons” - held rallies at which gymnasts demonstrated their successes and, naturally, these successes were somehow compared. But these are all episodes. Gymnastics became a recognized sport in 1896, when it was included in the program of the first modern Olympic Games. And since then it has remained their true decoration.

Since the first Olympic Games, the basis of gymnast competitions has been exercises on gymnastic apparatus: pommel horse, rings, parallel bars, horizontal bar and vault, and since 1932 (Los Angeles, USA) also in floor exercises. However, paying tribute to gymnastics - the system of physical education, and depending on the content of gymnastics in the country hosting the Olympic Games, the competition program included additional exercises that served as a versatile physical training - rope climbing, sprinting, high jump, long jump and pole vault , shot put. At the Olympic Games, team championships, all-around championships and championships in individual all-around events are played.

At first, only men competed on the Olympic gymnastics platform, but in 1928 (Amsterdam, Netherlands) women also competed for the first time. True, they missed the next X Games (1932, Los Angeles, USA), but from the XI Games (1936, Berlin, Germany), they constantly participated in all games. At first, women competed only in the team championship, but since the XV Games (1952, Helsinki, Finland) they have also competed in individual all-around competitions - vault, uneven bars, beam, floor exercise - and in individual events.

Since the XI Games, the men's competition program has stabilized and taken on a modern form - the hexathlon: floor exercise, pommel horse, rings, vault, parallel bars, horizontal bar.

International Gymnastics Federation (FIG)

In 1881, on the initiative of the President of the Belgian Gymnastics Association, Nicolas Couperus, the European Gymnastics Association was created at a congress in Liege (Belgium), uniting representatives of three states - Belgium, the Netherlands and France. Its membership increased rapidly, and with the accession of the United States of America (NAUS) in 1897, the European Association was reorganized into the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG). So, in terms of age, the FIG is the most respected sports organization. Only eleven years later, two more international associations were created - the Skating Union (ISU) and the Rowing Federation (FISA). The rest are creations of the 20th century.

Now the FIG unites national federations of 122 countries from all continents and is part of the General Association of International Sports Federations, and is also recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC).

In its structure, the FIG consists of an executive committee and technical committees subordinate to it - for artistic gymnastics (women's and men's), rhythmic gymnastics, sports aerobics, general gymnastics, as well as commissions for acrobatics, trampolining and medical, elected once every four year at the General Assembly - the supreme body of the FIG. The governing body of the FIG is the annual congress, and the day-to-day work is carried out by the executive committee. Nowadays, in addition to the FIG, world gymnastics is also led by regional gymnastics unions. European (UJU), Asian (AZHU), African (UAZH) and Pan American (PAZHU).

Representatives of Soviet gymnastics left a noticeable mark on the activities of the FIG: Taisiya Demidenko, Lyudmila Turishcheva, Valentina Bataen, Nikolai Mironov, Nikolai Popov, Valentin Muratov, Boris Shakhlin. In 1976, the Soviet gymnast, absolute champion of the USSR, Europe and the world, Olympic champion Yuri Titov was elected to the post of FIG President. In 1980, 1984, 1988 and 1992. he was re-elected to this post, and in 1996 Bruno Grandi (Italy) was elected president of the FIG.

XX century

At first, the FIG took care of the development, dissemination and improvement of gymnastics - a system of comprehensive physical education, and began to hold International Tournaments (as the world championships were called until 1950) only in 1903. The first World Artistic Gymnastics Championships took place in 1903. Teams from France, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands performed. This is how the places in the team championship were distributed. In addition to the team championship, gymnasts at the World Championships competed in the individual all-around competition, which included exercises on the pommel horse, rings, bars, horizontal bar and vault, and later in floor exercises, as well as in non-gymnastic exercises, as in the Olympic Games (3-4 events at each championship) and in individual championships in individual events.

Of course, in competitions in non-gymnastic exercises the goal was not to achieve maximum results. It was only necessary to fulfill certain standards, for which corresponding points were awarded on a ten-point system. they were not the object of the individual championship, but were included only in the results of the team championship and the all-around championship.

The last time non-gymnastic events were included in the program of the XIII World Championships in 1950 in Basel (Switzerland), and at subsequent championships gymnasts competed in modern hexathlon. This is what the standards of the Basel championship looked like: 100 m run, 10 points - 12 seconds (for every 0. 1 s more the score decreased by one tenth of a point); high jump, 10 points - 160 cm (for every 5 cm the score decreased by one point); pole vault, 10 points - 3 m (for every 5 cm the score decreased by 0.5 points)

Since 1934, with the X World Championships in Luxembourg, women began to participate in the world championships. At their first championship, they competed in the team championship and in the individual all-around championship, and at subsequent championships they began to compete in the individual championship in individual events.

At the World Championships, as well as at the Olympic Games, over time, naturally, both the representation in the teams and the conditions for determining the winners of the competition changed. Until 1996, participants were required to perform both compulsory (compiled by the FIG) and optional (compiled by the participants themselves, complying with certain difficulty requirements) exercises in each event. After 1996, compulsory exercises were abolished, and gymnasts began to perform only voluntary exercises at all competitions.

Until 1949, when athletes of the Soviet Union entered the Olympic movement, the leaders of world gymnastics were gymnasts from Italy, Switzerland, Germany and Finland at the Olympic Games, and from France, Czechoslovakia and Switzerland at the World Championships.

The first absolute champion of the Olympic Games in 1900 was the Frenchman Gustav Sandra. The first absolute champion of the Olympic Games in 1952 was the Soviet gymnast Maria Gorokhovskaya (the titles of absolute champions have been played out among men since 1990, and among women since 1952)

The first absolute world champion was the Frenchman Georges Martinez, and the Frenchman Marceau Torres (1909 and 1913) and the Yugoslav Petro Schumi (1922 and 1926) managed to win twice in the all-around.

The first absolute world champion in 1934 was Vlasta Dekanova (Czechoslovakia). She managed to repeat the success in 1938.

Europe is the birthplace of gymnastics. The first gymnast competitions took place in Europe. It was in Europe that the Gymnastics Federation was created. The gymnasts of the Old World are the strongest in the world, but for a long time they did not meet in their regional competitions.

Only in 1955 among men, and in 1957 among women, did the European Championships begin to be held, where individual championships in the all-around and in individual events are played only in the free program. Since 1994, the team championship has also been played at the European Championships.

At the congress that met in 1982 in Luxembourg, it was decided to create the European Gymnastics Union (UGU), which would distribute, develop and improve gymnastics in the countries of the European region.

So the gymnasts of the Old World also found their own governing body. The Swiss Pierre Chabloz was elected President of the UJE. The representative of Soviet gymnastics Leonid Arkaev joined the executive committee of the UEJ. In 1983, the European Gymnastics Union was recognized by the FIG and since then began to organize European Championships.

In October 1997, at the XV Congress of the UEJ in Antalya (Turkey), Klaus Lotz (Germany) was elected president of the UEJ, and representatives of Russia were elected to the technical commissions: Lyubov Andrianova (Burda) - female, Valery Kerdemelidi - male, and commission on general gymnastics - Yuri Sabirov. Leonid Arkaev retained his place as a member of the UEJ executive committee.

Olympic Games, World and European Championships, World Cup, regional competitions on continents, national championships, international tournaments organized by a number of newspapers in different countries, bilateral meetings - this is not a complete list of all the competitions where gymnasts and gymnasts perform today - representatives of the beautiful and exciting type of sport.

A popular sport is gymnastics. It consists of movements of varying complexity, which together form certain combinations. At the beginning of training, each athlete performs a special set of gymnastic exercises, since they are the main basis. Thanks to these exercises, you can learn to correctly distribute force, direction of movements and speed, improve the functioning of the nervous system, organs and muscles. There are such types of gymnastics: recreational, sports, general.

Why is gymnastics necessary?

Scientists have proven that sports exercises help improve mood, normalize body function and improve your appearance. For example, thanks to morning exercises, you can easily wake up, avoiding lethargy and bad mood. You only need to spend 20 minutes to delight the world around you with your smile. A person who regularly engages in physical exercise has developed dexterity, speed of movement, gets less tired and feels cheerful throughout the day. You need to find out what types of gymnastics there are, and choose the most suitable exercises for yourself that will be beneficial, charge you with optimism and maintain your health.

Gymnastics

This sport includes jumping, floor exercises, exercises on various apparatus (beam, rings, uneven bars), and is mainly practiced only by people with professional training. For men and women, the basic complex differs significantly. Types of artistic gymnastics: acrobatics, rhythmic, and aerobics.

Gymnastics

This type of gymnastics is intended for women. Its basis consists of numbers using dance combinations with or without objects. It, like other types of gymnastics, implies the desire to achieve high results, allowing you to develop physically, expand your motor capabilities, and master more technical exercises. You can see a close relationship with ballet, so this sport takes into account flexibility, plasticity, grace, rhythm and even artistry. Types of rhythmic gymnastics are quite common in choreography. To this day, the use of famous numbers in dance performances remains relevant. In order to achieve maximum success, you need to know the basic elements of acrobatics, which will never be superfluous. At world competitions, performances without the use of objects are not allowed. If the performance is group, then you can watch the performance with one or two types of sports equipment, for example, balls and hoops.

Acrobatic gymnastics

This sport combines the performance of acrobatic dance movements, steps, tricks and jumps. For a performance, a group of several people (men, women or mixed) is assembled. To achieve maximum effect and success in this area, you need to be flexible, precise, strong, have an ear for music, and most importantly, trust your partner. If just a few years ago acrobatics was not an important part of all gymnastics, today the situation has changed a lot. It is no coincidence that scientists have proven that everyone who was able to achieve significant results in this sport from an early age becomes more successful in this area. Acrobatics classes have a positive effect on the body, improving the psychological state, developing balance, strength, and precision of movement. They are intended for people of absolutely any age and varying physical fitness.

Aerobics sports

Aerobics is a young, but quite popular gymnastics, the types of exercises of which are striking in their diversity. Athletes involved in this sport are able to make revolutions, jumps, and surprise with their flexibility and strength. Women who prefer fitness are familiar with aerobic movements and can perform them with ease. All exercises are aimed at demonstrating dance skills, strength, elasticity, flexibility and continuity of movement. Now sports aerobics has been brought to the international level, which confirms its importance and significance in the sports world.

Health-improving gymnastics

One of the types of health-improving gymnastics is breathing. Thanks to it, you can regulate the gas exchange mechanism, which is useful for any athlete and just an ordinary person. Types of breathing exercises will not leave anyone indifferent. Their foundations were developed several centuries ago in China, Greece and India. Proper breathing will allow you to improve your life, no matter how strange it may sound, and put your body in order. All you need to do is adhere to the general rules when performing exercises.

In order for any type of gymnastics aimed at improving a person’s health to be effective, you need to do them in a good mood, constantly alternate combinations and in no case get carried away with too long a time. It will be better if all the necessary exercises are shown by a specialist who can create an individually selected complex aimed at improving the functioning of the body.

Today, a huge number of health-improving gymnastics techniques have been developed. Thanks to doctors, there are already both publicly available complexes and specialized ones aimed at treating specific organs. Other health exercises, as well as types of breathing exercises, should be selected only under the supervision of a specialist, especially if there are serious problems.

General gymnastics

Musicality, dynamism, easy-to-perform exercises, low risk of injury - all this is inherent in general gymnastics. It is taught in many schools and is accessible to any person, allowing children to develop speed, flexibility, and strength, which is very useful for a growing body. All types of gymnastics, especially general exercise, affect the psychological and physical state of a person.

Those people who need to train the cardiovascular and nervous systems, musculoskeletal system, etc., need to focus on rhythmic gymnastics. And for those who want to improve the tone of the body, a hygienic one is also suitable.

The purpose of general gymnastics is the physical development of a person, strengthening his health, acquiring certain skills and increasing brain activity.

Gymnastics for a person is a very important factor that determines his health. There are a large number of combinations that every person can do. For example, all types of morning exercises combine basic exercises, the implementation of which will only benefit you.

The content of the article

GYMNASTICS(Greek gymnastike, from gymnazo - I exercise, train), one of the oldest sports, including competitions on various gymnastic apparatus, as well as floor exercises and vaults. Currently, at international tournaments, gymnasts compete for 14 sets of awards: two in the team competition (men and women), two in the absolute individual championship (men and women) and ten in individual all-around events (4 for women, 6 for men).

In the program of the Olympic Games since 1896.

Gymnastics is the technical basis of many sports; corresponding exercises are included in the training program for representatives of a wide variety of sports disciplines. Gymnastics not only provides certain technical skills, but also develops strength, flexibility, endurance, a sense of balance, and coordination of movements.

Rules

Gymnastics competition program

Exercises on parallel bars. There are parallel (men) and uneven bars (women). The apparatus consists of two oval (in cross-section) wooden poles mounted on a metal frame: for men - at a height of 1.75 m, for women - 1.65 and 2.45 m. (The height of all gymnastic apparatus is measured from the surface located near them safety mats).

Women's parallel bars exercises include, first of all, rotations in both directions around the top and bottom poles, as well as various technical elements performed above and below them with rotation around the longitudinal and transverse axis using a one- and two-handed grip (as well as without using hands ).

Men's parallel bars exercises combine dynamic (rotations, swing movements, etc.) and static (horizontal supports, handstands) elements. The gymnast must use the entire length of the apparatus, “working” above and below the bars.

Floor exercise (wives and husband) are performed on a special gymnastics mat 12 x 12 m. There is a 1 meter wide “safety boundary” around the carpet. The carpet (wool or synthetic) has an elastic surface - dense enough for pushing, but at the same time providing athletes with a soft landing. Floor exercises are a combination of individual elements (somersaults, somersaults, splits, handstands, etc.) and their combinations, different in tempo and “mood”.

As the performance progresses, athletes must make maximum use of the entire area of ​​the mat. The complexity of the program and its individual elements, as well as the purity and confidence of execution, are assessed. No less important is the originality of the presented composition and the artistry of the athlete - especially for women, whose performances are accompanied by musical accompaniment and include separate dance steps, which are in many ways reminiscent of exercises from rhythmic gymnastics. Performance time on the mat is limited: 1 minute 10 seconds for men and one and a half minutes for women.

Vault(men and women). Performed from a running start using additional support (hence the name of the exercise). The length of the projectile is 1.6 m, the width is 0.35 m. The athlete runs up along a special track 25 m long and 1 m wide, pushes off with his feet from the bridge - a shock-absorbing device 20 cm high, inclined to the run-up line - and then makes an additional push hands (for men a push with one hand is allowed) from the projectile. The jumps performed can be straight, somersault, inverted, etc. For men, the projectile is installed at a height of 1.35 m in parallel runway, for women - at a height of 1.25 m perpendicular to the track. Another significant difference is related to the competition formula: men are given only one attempt, women – two, based on the results of which the average score for completing the exercise is calculated. The height and distance of the jump, its complexity (number of revolutions around the longitudinal and transverse axis, etc.), cleanliness of execution and precision of landing are assessed.

Balance Beam Exercises(wives) – a gymnastic apparatus 5 m long and 0.1 m wide, fixedly fixed at a height of 1.25 m from the floor. The exercise is a single composition of dynamic (jumps, turns, “jogging”, somersaults, dance steps, etc.) and static (splits, swallow, etc.) elements performed standing, sitting and lying on the apparatus. Athletes must use the entire length of the beam. The judges evaluate the gymnasts' flexibility, balance and elegance. The duration of the speech is no more than 1 minute 30 seconds.

Exercises on horseback(male) - a special apparatus with handles that allow you to perform swinging movements with your legs. (The same apparatus, but without the handles, is used in the vault.) The horse is fixed at a height of 1.05 m. The exercises are a combination of swinging and rotational movements, as well as handstands, during which all parts of the apparatus must be used.

Ring exercises(male) - a movable apparatus in the form of two wooden rings attached to special cables at a height of 2.55 m. Exercises on the rings (lifts, rotations and twists) demonstrate not only the flexibility, but also the physical strength of the athlete. The static elements of these exercises are no less difficult to perform than the dynamic ones. According to the rules, dismounting from the rings at the end of the performance must be an acrobatic element. As when performing exercises on the horizontal bar, when taking the starting position on the rings, the athlete can use the help of a coach or assistant.

Exercises on the horizontal bar(male) - a polished steel bar with a diameter of 27–28 mm and a length of 2.5 m, fixed on two racks with the help of guy wires at a height of 2.55 m. According to the rules, when performing rotations (in different directions) around the crossbar, the athlete does not has the right to touch her with his body. During the performance, he must demonstrate various types of grips and the ability to move cleanly and clearly from one type to another.

The sequence of program execution is usually as follows:

– floor exercises, pommel horse exercises, rings exercises, vault, parallel bars, horizontal bar (for men);

– vault, uneven bars, beam, floor exercise (women).

Judging and scoring

The performances of the gymnasts are assessed by the main judge and eight judges who “serve” one or another apparatus.

The judges are divided into two groups. Two judges evaluate the complexity and composition of the exercise using a 10-point system, and six other judges evaluate the execution technique. To quickly record the technical elements demonstrated by the gymnast during the performance, the judges use more than 1000 special written signs - similar to shorthand.

From the score given by the first group of judges, a kind of “starting price” (this is the maximum amount of points that an athlete can receive for a performance), points are deducted for mistakes made: from 0.1 points for a small error to 0.4 points for a blunder. A fall from or onto a projectile costs 0.5 points. According to the rules, when performing a vault, as well as exercises on uneven bars, rings and the crossbar, an assistant can be located next to the apparatus to secure the athlete, but if the gymnast is forced to use his help, 0.4 points are automatically deducted from the performer. Stepping on the mat (during floor exercises) or failure to comply with the time limit for the performance is also punishable by a reduction in grade.

A group of judges assessing the complexity of the presented program gives an overall score. The judges monitoring the technique make scores independently of each other: the best and worst of them are not taken into account, and the average score is calculated from the remaining four.

For a long time, a score of 10 points was, in fact, considered only theoretically possible. In 1976, during the Montreal Olympics, the young Romanian athlete Nadia Comaneci became the first gymnast in history to achieve this in practice. Moreover, Comaneci was then awarded the highest rating 7 times.

During team competitions and during the overall championship, the scores received by a team or an individual athlete in various types of programs are summed up. Based on them, the final grade is derived. The gymnast or team with the most points is declared the winner.

The team competition uses a 6-5-4 scheme. No more than 6 athletes compete for each team at competitions, 5 of them “work” on a particular apparatus, and only the 4 best results are taken into account. (Previously, the 7-6-5 scheme was in effect.)

In team competitions, as well as during individual championships (absolute and in certain types of the program), the athlete is given only one attempt on each apparatus. The exception is vault among women ( see above).

Competitors themselves determine the “content” of their exercises on a particular apparatus, but their performance must meet existing requirements regarding the type and complexity of the technical elements used.

Each exercise has a beginning, a main part and an ending (dismount).

Competition formula, determination of the winner

Major international artistic gymnastics competitions consist of four stages:

– Qualifying (or preliminary) stage among individual gymnasts and teams, based on the results of which the composition of the finalists is determined;

– The team final is held among the 6 strongest teams based on the results of “qualification” (separately among men and among women);

– Absolute championship in individual competition is played among 36 best athletes;

– Championship in certain types 8 athletes who showed the best results in certain exercises at the preliminary stage are played.

At large competitions, as a rule, six men's or four women's teams (according to the number of apparatuses) perform simultaneously on the platform. Having completed the performance in one type of program, the team moves on to the next.

The Olympic Games, unlike the World Championships, are limited to a limited number of participants. These are 12 men's and 12 women's national teams that showed the best results at the World Championships preceding the Olympics. The total number of individuals participating in the Olympic gymnastics tournament is 98 (for both men and women). In addition to the athletes of the 12 best teams, they include representatives of countries that took places at the championship from 13th and below, as well as a number of athletes selected by the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG) on an individual basis.

According to the rules, no more than 3 representatives of one country can participate in the final part of the competition for the title of absolute champion of the Olympic Games, and no more than 2 in the championship competition in individual exercises.

Since 1997, the program of the World Gymnastics Championships and the Olympic Gymnastics Tournament no longer includes compulsory exercises. The compulsory and free programs, the results of which previously determined the winning teams and the composition of the final participants in the individual competition, have been replaced by a qualifying stage among gymnasts and a team final.

Some other rules

Gymnastics is one of those sports that has undergone an intensive process of “rejuvenation” in recent decades. A kind of record was set in 1987 by the Romanian gymnast Aurelia Dobre, who won the title of absolute world champion at the age of less than 15. Even younger was her compatriot Daniela Silivas, who two years earlier received a gold medal at the World Championships for winning the balance beam exercise. Currently, the minimum age for participants in major international gymnastics tournaments is not 15, as before, but 16 years old (the same age athletes must turn in the year of the competition).

There are also some “procedural” restrictions in modern artistic gymnastics:

– the transition from projectile to projectile is carried out in an organized manner;

– competition participants are given 30–40 seconds to warm up, after which they are called to perform the exercise;

– during the execution of the program, the coach has no right to talk to the gymnast;

– during the competition, participants do not have the right to leave the site without special permission.

The rules provide for penalties for individual gymnasts and entire teams: for example, for failure to appear for warm-ups. Unsportsmanlike (and undisciplined) behavior of athletes is punishable by a fine.

Failure to comply with the dress code can also affect the results of a gymnast’s performance. The first remark entails a deduction of points – and up to and including removal from the competition in the overall classification.

When performing exercises on apparatus, it is allowed to use special leather pads for the palms to avoid damage.

About technology

The basis of gymnastic technique is certain body positions on the apparatus and movements performed during the exercise.

Vis– a position in which the athlete’s shoulders are below the grip point, and the emphasis is when they are located above the fulcrum. The emphasis can be carried out with the arms, legs or torso.

Grip – a certain way of holding the gymnast on the apparatus. There are grips: from above, from below, from the outside, a reverse grip of the hands on the inside of the projectile, mixed, cross, long and narrow (closed).

Grouping – a position in which the body is bent as much as possible at the waist, knees joined together are pressed to the chest, and hands clasp the lower part of the legs.

Corner - body position (hanging or supporting) when the outstretched legs are located at right angles to the body.

Leg-split - body position in which the legs are maximally spread.

Transition– movement of the athlete on the apparatus to the right or left when performing any technical element.

Climb– transition from hanging to support or from a lower support to a higher one.

Flight– movement of the gymnast (from hanging or support) from one side (part) of the apparatus to the other.

Circle - circular motion over a projectile or part of it.

Turnover – circular rotational movement of the athlete around the axis of the apparatus or grip points.

Twist– performing the exercise with a rotational movement in the shoulder joints.

Max(forward, backward or sideways) – pendulum-like movement of a body from one extreme point to another. Also distinguished waving – a similar movement of some parts of the body relative to others (while standing) or the whole body near grip points (while hanging), overshoot - movement of the leg(s) above the apparatus (standing) or under it (hanging) and crossing - two swings performed simultaneously towards each other.

Rotate – the movement of the gymnast’s body around its longitudinal axis or the movement of individual parts of the body around their longitudinal axes.

Coup – rotational movement of the body with turning over the head forward or backward.

Somersault – a complete flip over the head in the air (without support) from a standstill, from a run and when flying from one part of the projectile to another.

Dismount – jumping from the apparatus to the floor in various ways at the end of the exercise.

Individual gymnastic apparatus have their own specific positions and movements. For example, in ring exercises there are cross(support with arms spread to the sides) and quality(single movement of the body together with the projectile in one direction).

In the technical arsenal of gymnasts there are many “combined” elements (for example, inversion lift ) , as well as more complex variations of basic movements - like a back flip with a 360-degree turn.

Many outstanding gymnasts come up with their own technical elements, which then receive their names: “Delasal circles” on the pommel horse, “Diomidov’s spinner” on the uneven bars, high bar dismount and “Tsukahara” vault, “Korbut loop” on the uneven bars and “Korbut somersault” on the balance beam , exercise on the crossbar “Delchev”, “Azaryan cross” on rings, etc.

From the history of gymnastics

Gymnastics in antiquity and the Middle Ages

Gymnastics as a sport and an integral system of physical education originated in Ancient Greece. Homer, Aristotle and Plato wrote and spoke about the beneficial effects of regular gymnastics on the harmonious development of the individual. In addition to the general developmental and special exercises that are familiar to us, the gymnastics of the ancient Greeks included swimming, running, wrestling, boxing, riding (horseback and chariot riding), etc. According to one version, the word “gymnastics” itself comes from the Greek “gumnos” (naked): as you know, ancient Greek athletes competed without clothes.

Early Christians considered gymnastics a “satanic invention,” opposing the carnal, i.e. its “sinful” beginning - which, first of all, meant the nakedness of athletes - - spiritual, sublime. In 393, gymnastics was officially banned.

In ancient times, not only the Greeks were familiar with gymnastics. For example, in China and India several thousand years ago, gymnastic exercises were also practiced - mainly for medicinal purposes. Even then, special devices were known, similar to some modern gymnastic apparatus. Thus, in ancient Rome, to teach the basics of horse riding, a certain semblance of the “horse” known to us was used.

With the beginning of the European Renaissance, interest in gymnastics of the ancient Greeks reawakened: Renaissance thinkers perceived it as a means of strengthening health and general physical development of a person. The theoretical foundations of the physical education system are gradually being laid (Rousseau, Pestalozzi, etc.). The immediate predecessor of modern artistic gymnastics in the 16th–17th centuries. Vaulting (exercises and jumps) on a table and a horse, climbing a pole and a wall, maintaining balance on a rope and trees became very popular at that time.

The origin and development of modern artistic gymnastics

In the XVIII - early XIX centuries. In Germany, a physical education system was being formed, which was based on gymnastics. The founder of the German gymnastics movement was F.L. Jan. He significantly expanded the “gymnastic field” and invented new exercises and apparatus (including the horizontal bar and parallel bars), thereby laying the foundations of modern artistic gymnastics. In 1811, Jan opened the first gymnastics ground (near Berlin), and five years later he published - together with one of his students E. Eiselen - a book German gymnastics: it contained descriptions of the basic exercises and the necessary methodological recommendations. The first public performances of gymnasts date back to approximately this time.

Their own systems of physical education were developed in the Czech Republic, Sweden and France, and a little later – in Russia. During this period, exercises on apparatus and vaults were cultivated. Although floor exercises in one form or another were known several centuries ago (for example, from the performances of traveling circus troupes, which demonstrated, among other things, unusual acts on the floor or on the ground), they did not immediately gain recognition as one of the gymnastic disciplines.

In its development, artistic gymnastics went through several stages: over time, the requirements for it and, accordingly, its content changed. History of gymnastics in the 19th century. was largely determined by the confrontation between two fundamentally different systems: the Swedish, in which the emphasis was primarily on floor exercises (in a broad sense), and the German, which gravitated towards apparatus exercises.

In the middle of the century, the first indoor gymnasiums appeared in Germany (before that, only open areas operated). Official competitions in artistic gymnastics begin. In the second half of the 19th century. Europe, and later America, are experiencing a real gymnastics boom.

And the next century can rightfully be called the “century of gymnastics.” Although the modern program of gymnastic competitions was not immediately determined. Moreover, they took place in an unusual way. Gymnast competitions were often held outdoors. At first, there were no uniform technical requirements for gymnastic equipment: often national teams came to international competitions with their own “props”.

Before World War II, gymnasts from Germany, Czechoslovakia, France, Italy, Switzerland, Finland, the USA, Yugoslavia, and Hungary performed more successfully than others. In the 50s, the world gymnastic elite included athletes from the USSR and Japan, later from Romania, China and Bulgaria, and with the collapse of the USSR - representatives from Russia, Ukraine and Belarus.

International Gymnastics Federation

In 1881, the European Gymnastics Federation (EGF) was created, which initially included only three countries: Belgium, France and Holland. The founder and first president of the Federation was the Belgian Nicholas Couperus. In 1921, with the appearance of the first non-European countries in the FEG, it was reorganized into the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG), which now unites artistic gymnastics and related disciplines: general gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics, trampolining, sports aerobics and acrobatics.

FIG is the oldest international sports association. And one of the most numerous: as of January 2002, the Federation consisted of 125 countries. More than 30 million people now practice gymnastics in various clubs around the world. A total of about 2,500 masters participate in world and continental championships.

European Gymnastics Union

It is interesting that the European Championship in artistic gymnastics began to be played long before the corresponding governing body appeared in the Old World. In 1955, the first European Championships among male gymnasts took place. Two years later, women also entered the fight for European gold. Until the mid-1980s, the European Championships were held under the auspices of the FIG, with competitions for men and women taking place at different times and in different countries.

In 1982, the European Gymnastics Union (UEG) was created. The 1986 European Championship in Germany was the first that the Union organized and held independently - without the help of the International Federation (in the same year the USSR joined the UEJ).

Currently, the Union includes 46 countries. UEJ is one of the most numerous and active sports associations on the continent. In addition to the championship, the European Cup is played, and many other competitions (for different age groups), festivals and other events related to artistic gymnastics are held.

The most titled “European” among gymnasts is Yugoslav Miroslav Cerar, who twice won the title of absolute champion of the continent and won a total of 21 medals (including 9 gold).

World Championship

Since 1903, an international artistic gymnastics tournament began to be held regularly, and in the 1930s it received the status of a world championship. (Georges Martinez from France, who won the 1903 tournament, thus became the first absolute world champion in gymnastics in history). The world championship, held in 1931 in Paris, was dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the FIG and was considered unofficial. The tournament, held three years later in Budapest, continued its overall numbering and went down in history as the 10th World Artistic Gymnastics Championships. (It was at this championship that women competed for the first time in the world championship.) The next world championship, starting in 2003 in the USA, is already the 37th in a row.

From 1903 to 1930, world tournaments were held every other year, from 1934 to 1978 - once every four years (during the First and Second World Wars, competitions were not held), then the organizers returned to the previous pattern.

In the early 90s, another change was made to the world championship formula. Along with competitions in which all 14 sets of awards are played out (as was the case, for example, in 1999 and 2001), tournaments are held according to a “truncated” program: for example, in 2002, championships were played out only in certain types of the program. In the “Olympic” year, world championships are not held at all.

The program of the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships did not immediately take on its usual “look”. Until 1954, it also included individual athletics disciplines.

The USSR women's team took first place at the World Championships 11 times, the men's team 8 times.

world Cup

Among all international competitions in artistic gymnastics, the World Cup is considered the third most important - after the world championship and the Olympic Games.

It was first played in 1975 in England. The winners then were Soviet gymnasts Nikolai Andrianov and Lyudmila Turishcheva. Until 1990, Cup competitions took place in years when neither the Olympic Games nor the World Gymnastics Championships were held. During this time, the Cup was played 8 times - in the absolute individual championship. The advantage of the USSR gymnasts was overwhelming. For women, all eight titles were won by our athletes: in addition to Turishcheva, similar success was achieved by M. Filatova and S. Zakharova (twice each), E. Shushunova and T. Lysenko. In 1982 O. Bicherova and N. Yurchenko shared first place. For men, N. Andrianov and A. Dityatin (both twice), M. Bogdan and V. Belenky became the winners of the World Cup in different years. The only foreign athlete who managed to break the “Soviet hegemony” in the Cup was the Chinese Li Ning in the mid-80s (he shared his second title with our Yu. Korolev).

Due to changes in the formula for holding world championships in the early 90s, it was decided not to play the World Cup anymore. But 8 years later, the honorary trophy was “reborn” again. True, now the competition participants are challenging the championship in certain types of gymnastic all-around. At the 1998 World Cup in Japan, the strongest performers were the representatives of China and Romania, who won 4 and 3 first places, respectively. Romanian athletes also performed successfully at the 2000 World Cup in Scotland - primarily thanks to the leader of their women's national gymnastics in recent years, 3-time all-around world champion Andrea Raducan.

Currently, the Cup is played according to a new scheme: in 2001–2002, a series of tournaments were held in different countries.

Gymnastics at the Olympics

Artistic gymnastics is invariably included in the program of the Olympic Games, occupying one of the central places in it.

True, the gymnastics program of the very first Modern Games (1896) was somewhat different from the current Olympics. 18 gymnasts, representing 5 countries in Athens, competed in individual all-around events: not only in the usual exercises (with the exception of floor), but also in group exercises on parallel bars and horizontal bar and in rope climbing. The dominance of the founders of gymnastics - the Germans - in all types of programs was almost undivided.

The first absolute champion of the Olympic Games in artistic gymnastics was the Frenchman Gustave Sandra in 1900. The championship among teams and in individual all-around events was not competed for at the Paris Olympics.

At the 1904 Games, another unusual discipline appeared in the competition program among gymnasts: exercises with clubs. As you know, the overwhelming majority of participants in the St. Louis Olympics represented the United States. So the unconditional success of the Americans on the gymnastics platform was quite predictable.

At the next two Olympics there was no equal to the Italian Alberto Braglia. At the 1912 Games, he also added gold to his title of absolute champion, won as part of the Italian team in the team competition.

Competitions in certain types of all-around gymnastics reappeared in the Olympic program after the First World War - at the 1924 Games.

Four years later, women competed in the Olympic gymnastics tournament for the first time. True, the gymnasts again missed the next Olympics - and only in 1936 they began to participate in them constantly. It is noteworthy that the program of the 1936 Olympic tournament in women's gymnastics also included exercises on parallel bars. And at the 1948 Olympics, women performed mandatory ring exercises. At one time, the program of the Olympic tournament in women's gymnastics also included group exercises with various objects (mace, ball, etc.), which later became an integral part of rhythmic gymnastics. At the 1952 Games, a significant change was made to the competition formula in women's gymnastics: for the first time, athletes competed in the individual competition (on four apparatus). In its current form, the Olympic program for women's gymnastics was finally determined in 1960 (Men have competed for awards according to the 6+1+1 scheme since 1936).

In the team competition in the history of Olympic gymnastics tournaments there was and is no equal to the USSR women's team, which has risen to the highest step of the podium 10 times. Among men, the teams of the USSR and Japan won more often than others - 5 times each. The Italian men's team celebrated victory four times - although this was before the Second World War.

The title of absolute Olympic champion is considered the highest title in artistic gymnastics. The outstanding Soviet gymnast Larisa Latynina achieved a unique achievement. Her collection includes 18 Olympic medals (of which 9 are gold: 6 received in individual and 3 in team competitions). None of the Olympians have yet managed to repeat, or even surpass, this record. Czech gymnast Vera Caslavska (Odlozhikova) won 7 gold medals (all in the individual competition). The same amount of “gold” (as well as 5 silver and 3 bronze medals) in Nikolai Andrianov’s collection of awards. (Andrianov and Latynina are the two most titled athletes in the history of world gymnastics.) Another of our gymnasts, Alexander Dityatin, set another unique record at the 1980 Olympics, winning 8 out of 8 possible awards: in the team event, in the “absolute” and in individual all-around events (3 gold, 4 silver and 1 bronze medals).

Vitaly Shcherbo completed the “Soviet era” in Olympic gymnastics with dignity: performing at the 1992 Games as part of the united team of the CIS countries, he won 6 gold medals.

Gymnastics in Russia

Gymnastics in pre-revolutionary Russia

Various gymnastic exercises were known back in ancient Rus' - as an integral part of folk holidays.

The widespread development of gymnastics in Russia began in the 18th century. Peter I and A.V. Suvorov paid serious attention to gymnastics as an applied discipline. Suvorov outlined the content of the gymnastic exercises introduced - on his initiative - into the army in Regimental establishment.

As in other countries, in Russia artistic gymnastics was initially cultivated mainly in the army environment. In the 70s of the 19th century, the famous Russian scientist and teacher P.F. Lesgaft opened two-year gymnastic courses in St. Petersburg (now the Lesgaft Institute of Physical Culture). The first gymnastics competitions in our country, organized by the Russian Gymnastics Society, were held in 1885 in Moscow. Only 11 people took part in them, but a start was made.

In 1889, gymnastics was introduced into the program of men's educational institutions. At the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century, gymnastic societies and clubs were created in various cities of Russia, and national championships began to be held regularly.

In 1912, Russian gymnasts took part in the Olympic Games for the first time, but were unable to compete with more experienced opponents.

Gymnastics in the USSR

In the USSR, gymnastics became a truly mass sport, although at first the attitude towards this “relic of the bourgeois past” was wary, and even hostile.

The development of artistic gymnastics in the USSR in the 20s is associated, first of all, with the implementation of universal education. The first national championship was held in 1928 (as part of the All-Union Spartakiad). The Ukrainian team won the team competition, and Mechislav Murashko became the absolute champion of the country. The program of the first gymnastics competitions included not only the “classical” disciplines, but also running, rope climbing, grenade throwing and other applied exercises.

In the early 30s, the All-Union Gymnastics Section was created, later transformed into the USSR Artistic Gymnastics Federation. In 1932, the second absolute championship of the country was played - this time women also took part in the competition. The first absolute champion was Tatyana Voshchinina. And since 1939, awards in certain types of programs also began to be awarded at national championships.

The debut of Soviet gymnasts on the international stage took place in 1937 - at the 3rd Workers' Olympics in Antwerp. Our men's and women's teams won the team championship, and Nikolai Sery and Maria Tyshko won the title of absolute champions.

In 1949, the USSR Gymnastics Federation joined the FIG. And in 1952, Soviet gymnasts participated in the Olympic Games for the first time. The debut turned out to be successful: our athletes became champions in both the team (men's and women's teams) and individual (Viktor Chukarin and Maria Gorokhovskaya) competitions. The debut of Soviet gymnasts at the world championship two years later was equally convincing: victories in team competitions and titles of absolute world champions for men (Viktor Chukarin and Valentin Muratov) and women (Galina Rudko (Shamray)).

In total, Soviet gymnasts won more than 300 awards at the Olympic Games: about half of them were gold. And at the 14 world championships that took place with their participation, our athletes won more than 400 medals, including quite a few golds.

The Soviet school of gymnastics gave the world many outstanding athletes: Larisa Latynina, Lyudmila Turishcheva, Boris Shakhlin, Viktor Chukarin, Mikhail Voronin, Yuri Titov, Valentin and Sofia Muratov, Natalya Kuchinskaya, Polina Astakhova, Yuri Titov, Nikolai Andrianov, Olga Korbut, Alexander Dityatin, Yuri Korolev, Nelly Kim, Vitaly Shcherbo, Elena Shushunova, Dmitry Bilozerchev, Elena Mukhina, Olga Bicherova and many others. etc.

Russian gymnastics today

The Russian Artistic Gymnastics Federation was founded in 1991. It unites organizations from 71 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The Federation is headed by Professor L.Ya. Arkaev, who is also the head coach of the Russian national gymnastics team. Russia regularly hosts national championships, regional, all-Russian and international tournaments and other events. The Federation is part of the FIG and UEJ.

The current “stars” of domestic gymnastics continue the victorious relay of their predecessors in the international arena. A. Nemov became the absolute champion of the Olympic Games in Sydney 2000, and also won gold in the horizontal bar exercises. S. Khorkina is the absolute world champion (twice) and Europe (three times), her collection also includes Olympic and world “gold” on individual apparatus. N. Kryukov is the absolute world champion, A. Bondarenko is the absolute European champion. E. Zamolodchikova is the winner (in certain types of programs) of the World Championships and the Olympic Games.

According to data at the end of 2002, A. Nemov and S. Khorkina headed the world gymnastics ranking.

K.Petrov

Literature:

Gymnastics. Edited by A.T. Brykin. M., 1971
Shakhlin B.A. My gymnastics. M., 1973
In the country of Olympia. Ed. – L. Barykina. M., 1974
Latynina L.S. Equilibrium. M., 1975
Golubev V.L. Lyudmila Turishcheva. M., 1977
Latynina L.S. Gymnastics through the years. M., 1977
Nikolay Andrianov. Compiled by V.L. Golubev. (Series “Heroes of the Olympic Games”) M., 1978
Pashinin V.A. Victory path.(About V. Chukarin) M., 1978
Titov Yu.E. The Rise: Gymnastics at the Olympics. M., 1978
Voronin M.Ya. First number. M., 1980
Gymnastics: Directory. Compound. Yu. Sabirov, Ya. Fradkov. M., 1980
Olympic Encyclopedia. Ed. S.P. Pavlova. M., 1980
Kuznetsov B.A. Artistic gymnastics in the USSR. M., 1982
Titov Yu.E. Notes from the President.(About the International Gymnastics Federation). M., 1983
Kim N.V. Happy platform. M., 1985
Turishcheva L.I. My life is gymnastics. M., 1986
Rostorotsky V.S. Gymnastics is worthy of anthems. M., 1987
Andrianov N.E. I'm looking for my path. Literary entry by S.P.Shachin. M., 1988
Korbut O.V. Once upon a time there was a girl... M., 1988
Rules of sports games and competitions. Illustrated encyclopedic reference book. Per. from English Minsk, 1998
Popova E.G. General developmental exercises in gymnastics. M., 2000
Atlanta. A collection of essays about Russian sports heroes.(Essay about L. Latynina) Compound. A.L. Yusin. M., 2001
Zhuravin M.L., Menshikova N.K. Gymnastics. Textbook for university students. M., 2001
Samin D.K. The most famous athletes of Russia.(Articles about V. Chukarin, B. Shakhlin, L. Latynina, L. Turishcheva, O. Korbut, N. Andrianov) M., 2001
Gaverdovsky Yu.K. Technique of gymnastic exercises. Popular study guide. M., 2002



What is gymnastics? Why is it needed? What types of it exist? Who should do it? Today we will try to give answers to all these questions.

Gymnastics for children

Gymnastics is a set of specially selected exercises that help not only awaken the body from sleep in the morning, as we are accustomed to thinking from childhood, but also improve health in general.

Gymnastics is also commonly called exercise. And this is not without reason. After all, it helps in raising children in preschool and school age. After one or another physical exercise is done in the morning, the children’s mood will improve and an emotional upsurge will occur. Also, after charging, the drowsy state disappears and performance increases.

In addition to all this, exercise helps develop discipline in children and overcome laziness. If you compare morning exercises at home with exercises in kindergarten or school, then in the first case it helps to wake up the body from sleep, and in the second it carries organizational aspects.

The whole point of morning exercises in kindergartens or schools is that hyperactive children calm down, while inactive children, on the contrary, are filled with energy.

How should you do gymnastics?

We have already said that gymnastics is a set of exercises that invigorate the body. To achieve this goal, it is necessary not to force the child to do gymnastics, but to interest him in a playful way to do exercises that will be useful. For example, one could say; “Do you know how frogs jump? Let's show it together!” It is very important that you are a role model, so it is worth doing morning exercises with your baby.

How to do exercises correctly? First of all, it should be started by walking in place or in a circle, while saying: “Our legs are walking!” Children raise their legs high, after 1-1.5 minutes of such actions it is necessary to complicate the task, for example: “Now we are reaching for the sun!” or “Now we walk like bears!” In the first case, children raise their arms up and slowly lower them while walking, and in the second, the children walk on the inside of their feet, swaying like bears. Here it is worth paying attention not only to the correct execution of exercises, but also to breathing.

After these exercises, as a rule, ball games and imitation of the actions of various animals are introduced.

Types of gymnastics

Soviet teachers and psychologists divided gymnastics into types. They all have their own specific tasks.

1. Educational and developmental gymnastics is aimed at the development and general strengthening of the body for certain individuals or for a particular age. This includes developmental gymnastics for schoolchildren and preschoolers, women's gymnastics (aimed at development and strengthening, athletic gymnastics (aimed at strength training and some other types).
2. Health-improving gymnastics is aimed at improving the health of the body. This type includes exercises, physical education (today its use is widely used in school lessons), rhythm and
3. Sports types of gymnastics are aimed at developing physical qualities and this includes rhythmic gymnastics and sports acrobatics. Having mastered the technique of certain physical exercises, children participate in demonstrating their sports skills.

A little about rhythmic gymnastics

Rhythmic gymnastics today is in high demand among preschool boys and girls. In addition, this sport is also popular among women. It involves performing certain exercises synchronously to music with an object (it could be a hoop, ball, ribbons, etc.) or without it.

It’s not for nothing that this kind of gymnastics is considered one of the most beautiful sports. This is not surprising. Surely you have watched rhythmic gymnastics competitions on TV more than once with delight.

If you want your daughter to learn how to move just as beautifully, then send her to the appropriate classes. A gymnastics coach will not only conduct training, but will also accompany his students at competitions and performances.

At what age can you do rhythmic gymnastics?

Experts answer this question differently. Some believe that this sport is very dangerous for young children. Others argue that, on the contrary, it is very useful. Which one is right?

In fact, for children aged 3 to 10 years old, rhythmic gymnastics is simply about doing and developing mental strength. Children begin to study professionally after 10 years. It is worth considering here that the sooner a child begins to engage in this sport, the faster he will be able to achieve success.

Is it possible to achieve anything at the age of, for example, 20 years? Of course you can. First of all, people can prove to themselves that they can achieve certain results. Secondly, today you can attend classes for any age group, where they can also prepare you for competitions. In this case, artistic gymnastics competitions cannot be of a high level, but at them everyone can demonstrate what they have achieved over a given period of practicing this sport.

Aesthetic, team.

Health-improving types of gymnastics involve performing exercises during the day in the form of morning exercises, physical education, physical education minutes in educational institutions and in production. There are several types of recreational gymnastics:

• Hygienic gymnastics - used to preserve and strengthen health, maintain a high level of physical and mental performance, and social activity.
• Rhythmic gymnastics is a type of health-improving gymnastics. An important element of rhythmic gymnastics is musical accompaniment.

Gymnastics

Artistic gymnastics (from Greek. γυμναστική , from γυμνάζω - I exercise, train; according to another version from the ancient Greek word γυμνός , that is, “naked,” “naked”) is one of the oldest sports, including competitions on various gymnastic apparatus, as well as floor exercises and vaults. Currently, at international tournaments, gymnasts compete for 14 sets of awards: two in the team competition (men and women), two in the absolute individual championship (men and women) and ten in individual all-around events (4 for women, 6 for men). In the program of the Olympic Games since 1896.

Gymnastics is the technical basis of many sports; corresponding exercises are included in the training program for representatives of a wide variety of sports disciplines. Gymnastics not only provides certain technical skills, but also develops strength, flexibility, endurance, a sense of balance, and coordination of movements.

Gymnastics

Rhythmic gymnastics is a sport that involves performing various gymnastic and dance exercises to music without an apparatus, as well as with an apparatus (jump rope, hoop, ball, clubs, ribbon).

Recently, performances without an apparatus are not held at world-class competitions. During group performances, either two types of objects are used simultaneously (for example, hoops and balls) or one type (five balls, five pairs of clubs). The winners are determined in all-around, individual events and group exercises.

All exercises are accompanied by music. Previously, they performed with a piano or one instrument. Now orchestral soundtracks are used. The choice of music depends on the wishes of the gymnast and the coach. But each exercise should last no more than one and a half minutes. Competitions take place on a gymnastics mat measuring 13x13 meters. Classic all-around (4 exercises) is an Olympic discipline. In addition to the all-around, gymnasts performing in the individual championship traditionally compete for sets of awards in certain types of exercises (except for the Olympic Games).

Performances are graded on a twenty-point system. One of the most spectacular and graceful sports. In the USSR, rhythmic gymnastics as a sport arose and took shape in the 1940s. Since 1985 it has been an Olympic sport.

Team gymnastics

Team gymnastics teamgym) originated in Scandinavia, where it was the main form of gymnastics for 20 years. The EuroTeam competition is one of the new ones on the UEG Calendar. The first official competition was held in Finland in 1996, and is now held every 2 years. TeamGym (Tim Jim) is a competition between teams and clubs and consists of three categories: women's, men's and mixed teams. Consists of three events: floor exercise, mini-trampoline jumping and acrobatic jumping. In each of the three disciplines, the number of gymnasts ranges from 6 to 12.

Sports acrobatics

Sports acrobatics includes three groups of exercises: acrobatic jumps, pair and group exercises.

Gymnastic apparatus

• Gymnastic ball

Links

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Synonyms:

• Monier, Adrienne
• Tumbllog

See what “Gymnastics” is in other dictionaries:

GYMNASTICS- (from the Greek gymnos naked) in the modern sense of the word represents one or another system of specially selected bodily exercises that have a specific target setting and a specific effect on the body. Depending on this... ... Great Medical Encyclopedia

GYMNASTICS- specially selected physical exercises performed correctly in order to preserve and strengthen health. comprehensive and uniform physical development, formation and improvement of human movements. There are also special... Concise Encyclopedia of Housekeeping

gymnastics- and, f. gymnastique f., German Gymnastic, lat. gymnastica gr. 1. Gymnastics. Greek An art whose object is to strengthen the body through wrestling, running, and horse riding. SAR 1806 1 1100. System of specially selected physical... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

GYMNASTICS- (Greek, gymnastike, from gymnasein to practice body movements without clothes). The art of body movements aimed at strengthening and developing the body; in ancient Greece, young men engaged in physical exercises naked, which is where the word gymnastics came from.... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

gymnastics- callanetics, aerobics, exercise, queen of sports, exercise Dictionary of Russian synonyms. gymnastics noun, number of synonyms: 15 aerobics (5) ... Synonym dictionary

Gymnastics- (Greek gymnastike, from gymnazo I exercise, train), 1) a system of specially selected physical exercises and methodological techniques used to improve health and harmonious physical development. There are basic gymnastics... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

GYMNASTICS- (Greek gymnastike from gymnazo I exercise, train), a system of specially selected physical exercises and methodological techniques used to improve health and harmonious physical development. There are basic gymnastics (including... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

GYMNASTICS- GYMNASTICS, gymnastics, many. no, female (Greek gymnastike). Exercises to develop muscles and agility. I do gymnastics in the morning. || A system of such exercises. Swedish gymnastics. Muller's gymnastics. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

GYMNASTICS- GYMNASTICS, and, women. A set of specially selected physical exercises to improve health and harmonious development of the body. Sports city Artistic city Industrial city | adj. gymnastic, oh, oh. Dictionary… … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

Gymnastics- see Physical culture (